Frank Fukuyama was right all along

Thu, 08/28/2008 - 12:13pm
ERIC FEFERBERG/AFP/Getty Images

Whenever a new conflict breaks out somewhere in the world, commentators like to trot their old favorite whipping boy: Francis Fukuyama's much-misunderstood essay-turned-book, The End of History and the Last Man.

"See! History hasn't ended," they say, pointing to the September 11 attacks or Russia's war with Georgia or the latest dire situation in Somalia.

Of course, many of these commentators have probably never actually read Fukuyama's argument, which uses the word "history' in a very particular way -- it's History with a capital "H," as in the process of dialectical change, the grand sweep of big ideas and economic trends that Marx talked about. In Marx's estimation, communism was the logical ideological end point of this process, but Fukuyama saw "the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government" in the long run. He never believed that everything would be all gum drops and lollipops.

As Fukuyama told FP in an "epiphanies" interview in the current issue:

THE MOST MISUNDERSTOOD THING [about my idea, the “end of history”] was the word ‘history.’ People thought I was saying that nothing was going to happen after the Cold War.

And if you haven't read it already, check out Fukuyama's very smart essay in this Sunday's Washington Post -- a nice counterpoint to all the hysteria about whether we are entering a new age of autocracy. "While bullies can still throw their weight around, democracy and capitalism still have no real competitors," he writes. I see no reason to believe he is wrong.



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I read Mr. Fukuyama's

I read Mr. Fukuyama's article on Sunday in the Post. I took me back to college when I read his essay in a political science class. I think he is right, the world is too interconnected economically for autocrats to do too much damage before they begin harming their own interests. That doesn't mean, however, that we should relax vigilance. Insanity is always a possibility in world leaders.

Fukuyama trots out "Asian values"

In that Washington Post essay, Fukuyama writes: "China's development model works well only in those parts of East Asia that share certain traditional Chinese cultural values. In dynastic China, no checks and balances restrained the emperor's power; instead, a sense of accountability was fostered by the moral education of rulers and by an elite bureaucracy that was oriented toward public service. That legacy lives on in a host of modernizing, developmentally minded leaders, from the Meiji aristocrats who founded modern Japan to more recent authoritarian rulers such as Park Chung-hee of South Korea, Lee Kwan Yew of Singapore -- and the current leaders of China." This seems to indicate that Fukuyama has abandoned the idea that liberal democracy has won the global war of idea, and moved toward something closely resembling Lee Kuan Yew's "Asian values" philosophy; namely, that bureaucratic authoritarianism works best, but is only possible for East Asian people. Democracy is a second-best option that is the best Westerners, Africans, Middle Easterners, etc. can manage. In other words, he seems to think that "history is still over," but because two systems have won out - bureaucratic authoritarianism in East Asia, and liberal democracy everywhere else. Can Fukuyama really be saying this? It boggles the mind.

Really, can't think of any? Time for an imagination transplant.

BH said: >>"While bullies can still throw their weight around, democracy and capitalism still have no real competitors," he writes. I see no reason to believe he is wrong.

Err.. then perhaps you aren't looking into it enough, as there are some rather obvious reasons to think he is wrong.

The rise of bullies and their corrupt cadres in the USA and Russia, at the very least, is an objective announcement that something other than democracy is running things. The USA's now utterly skewed constitutional powers (too many to mention here), its obliviousness to that 'Bill of Rights' thing we have(ditto), its willingness to hand over the foundation of democracy to a hidden, unaccountable, biased and cheatable form of electronic voting- it's not at all clear that the USA is a real democracy at this point, to a foreign observer.

Add China's and Russia's sneering at global standards, and bully-ism would seem to be making a statement that might makes right, not anything else. Doesn't it matter that the Big 3 are not only setting very low standards, but modeling 'bully' behavior for everyone else? Expect to see more from less powerful countries, because without moral authority, all that's left is more bullying.

But - other structures are surely nascent in the world, beyond even the nation-states. A brief deployment of the imagination will show both old and new non-democratic forms elaborating. There's our old-standy corporatism... another not-exactly-democratic replacement for states as the major players, autocratic or not, possibly nailed down to 'capitalism' (now defined as institutionalized greed that pays to write legislation) --but what is capitalism without democracy? Merely a more efficient feudal system.

Or military-energy-industrial complexes, those parasitic symbioses that nepotistically connect class, personal, and business relations to capitalism, forming networks that may well take over the global driver's seat. There's a case to be made that that has already happened.

Islam of course, powerfully importuning its followers not to question, and not to listen to anyone else who questions.

Or even Berlusconi-type media-political complexes; who knows what could emerge as yet, humans seem easily tricked into captivity.

One could argue, in fact, that a plethora of alternatives to that earlier democracy that seemed so iconic and inevitable, has begun to differentiate itself. The Blogosphere even, or some populous global movement, are now emerging as potential structures in a new global dynamic; meanwhile the hidden interests which have always guided nations and economic waves are furiously networking.

I guess if the above are acceptable versions of 'democracy ad capitalism' as opposed to deformed growths of them, then you 'can see no reasons' why Fukuyama is wrong. But I suggest you and Fukuyama too, take the blinders off.

>>But for all of China's strengths, its system is not a serious challenge to the United States' animating -- and winning -- ideas.

Currently those 'winning ideas' are an illusion that virtually all countries have seen through (unless we happen to be holding up their despotic right-wing governments, then it's not prudent to acknowledge the joke). Most cultures though, are happy to accept US hypocrisy with a wink-wink and a smile as the cash trades hands. You've got your own hypocrisy audit here in fact: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4440 .. so clearly someone has a clue at FP.

Unless democracy gets its act together, we'll have only a memory of an illusion, and never fulfillment of the raw potential of the democratic ideal. A mere image of democracy without the sustaining spirit and intention, as we currently have in the USA, will crumble before structures which more effectively harness greed for growth. It already has, in so many places.

Not being oblivious is surely the first step.