There are more slaves on the planet today than at any time in human history. But a landmark case in West Africa this week should give thousands of them a rare dose of hope. A court in Niger found the country's government guilty of failing to protect the rights of Hadijatou Mani, a 24-year-old woman sold into slavery at the age of 12.

Mani says she was sold as a young girl to a man for $500 and forced into domestic and agricultural work for a decade. Her master raped her repeatedly, and she bore him three children. She was freed in 2005 and, with the help of Anti-Slavery International, brought the case against the government for failing to protect her. In the judge's decision, he ordered the government to pay Mani about $20,000.

Niger officially abolished slavery in 1960, but the practice persists throughout the country, with an estimated 43,000 people enslaved. There are believed to be tens of thousands more in bondage across West Africa. Niger's government repeatedly contends that it does all it can to eradicate the practice, but this is the first time a court has held it responsible for looking the other way. There's little chance of thousands more slaves being so lucky as to be freed and rewarded, but if this compels the government to enact (or enforce) more stringent laws, all the better.

Photo: Boureima HAMA/AFP/Getty Images

Think it's tough finding employment in the United States?

Try a Chinese job fair:

China Photos/Getty Images

Job seekers visit the first large-scale job fair held at the China International Exhibition Center after the Olympics Games on September 21, 2008, in Beijing.

Straight from FP contributor Robert Reich's blog:

Labor Day should remind us how many shitty jobs still exist.

The globetrotting documentarians over at Current Vanguard have just posted an interesting new short film from the Philippines, where the primary export is the country's own citizens.

"Destination Anywhere" looks at the 20 million Filipinos who work abroad in fields ranging from housekeeping to medical care. The billions of dollars in remittances they send home every year account for about 10 percent of the Philippines' GDP. While this is generally viewed as positive for economic growth (President Gloria Arroyo has described the overseas workers as "heroes of the republic".) it doesn't do much for the kind of longterm development and savings that could stimulate job creation at home. Plus, as the film's director, Tracey Chang, finds, there are enormous social costs when you consider the Philippines' millions of separated families.

For more on the relationship between remittances, corruption, and poor economic planning, check out "The Remittance Curse" in the current issue of Foreign Policy.

ADEK BERRY/AFP/Getty Images

It's no secret that Japan has traditionally been averse to immigration. Many long-term immigrants wait eternally for Japanese citizenship. The Japanese parliament also recently approved a plan to fingerprint and photograph all adult foreigners entering Japan.

But is the tide against foreigners turning in Japan? Possibly. According to a recent Mainichi newspaper telephone survey, 63 percent of respondents favored allowing the immigration of unskilled foreign laborers, even though the Japanese government generally opposes such measures—opting instead for a "cautious" approach toward unskilled workers. Out of the 63 percent, 58 percent supported accepting unskilled foreign workers in fields facing worker shortages, and 5 percent believed that entry-level foreign workers should be accepted without conditions.

Hidenori Sakanaka, head of the Japan Immigration Policy Institute, believes the shift in favor of foreigners may be due to Japan's enormous demographic challenge associated with its rapidly aging society. He also suggests the Japanese may gradually be appreciating the work already done in Japan by entry-level foreign workers in fields from nursing to agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Necessity may be the mother of invention—or in this case, acceptance—but it remains to be seen whether this is really a cultural shift toward embracing immigration. If legislation follows, I may be convinced.

Many of Passport's readers are college students who are looking to launch careers in foreign policy. As it's job-huntin' season on campus, here's a timely guest post from Peter W. Singer, a military expert at the Brookings Institution and the author of Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, on how to become a foreign-policy wonk.

We hope you find it helpful.

Frequently, I get e-mails from young students who want to know how to crack into the world of foreign policy. Below are the most frequent questions and my answers, which FP thought actually might be of use or at least amusement. Please judge their worth by the amount of money that you paid for them.

How did you decide to get into the foreign-policy world?

I've been interested in these issues since as long as I can remember. I was the weird kid in elementary school, who for book reports would choose Soviet Military Power (the Pentagon's somewhat overhyped annual report on the Red menace) rather than Sweet Valley High or The Boxcar Kids. Yes, it was totally nerdy. Guilty as charged. By the time I got to college, I applied to the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs as my major. If I didn't get in, my backup plan was to go into the history field. Fortunately, I did, and thoroughly enjoyed it. When it came time to figure out a job afterwards, I flirted a bit with the idea of becoming a management consultant. My thinking was that I could feed the beast by getting subscriptions to various political magazines to read in my off time, while I made scads of money merely for using words like "synergy," "leverage," or "optimize." But I soon realized that I didn't know what those words actually meant and I would shoot myself after a few months. So, I went into the foreign-policy business instead.

[If you're reading this from the main page, read on after the break]

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I see that Democratic presidential candidate John Edwards is now taking potshots at the U.S.-Peru trade agreement that is now going through Congress and due to hit the Senate in November. Speaking on Saturday in Newton, Iowa, Edwards summed up his reasons for opposing the deal:

In short, this agreement does not meet my standard of putting American workers and communities first, ahead of the interests of the big multinational corporations, which for too long have rigged our trade policies for themselves."

This is his big strategy for victory in Iowa? As FP documented in June, bilateral trade between Peru and the United States is small potatoes: barely $2.5 billion in 2005. And most of that trade, $2 billion, was exports from the United States to Peru.

In fact, the dirty secret about the new agreement is that it would benefit U.S. exporters the most, as this summary of the deal (pdf) from the U.S. Trade Representative's office makes clear:

Eighty percent of U.S. exports of consumer and industrial products to Peru will become duty-free immediately, with remaining tariffs phased out over 10 years. Key U.S. exports will gain immediate duty-free access to Peru. Peru has agreed to allow trade in remanufactured goods, and will join the WTO Information Technology Agreement. 

Peru already enjoys good access to the U.S. market thanks to previous trade agreements, so it's not as if the United States is suddenly going to be flooded with cheap chicha, alpaca wool, and mahogany. Edwards may think that spreading this silliness is going to help him win the Democratic nomination, or at least earn him points in protectionist Iowa. My guess is that Edwards knows better. That's probably why he chose Peru rather than, say, the South Korea deal, which is on a different scale altogether.

GERARD CERLES/AFP/Getty Images

It was only a matter of time: The European Commission today unveiled its new "Blue Card," modeled on the United States Green Card, in a bid to attract more skilled workers to the European Union. For several years now, the EU has been facing an increasingly serious labor shortage, which has spread to "new" EU member countries in Eastern Europe. The EU believes it will face a shortfall of 20 million workers in the next two decades, a problem exacerbated by declining birth rates and an aging population. "The EU as a whole ... seems not to be considered attractive by highly qualified professionals in a context of very high international competition," according to the European Commission. But with easier access to jobs, and with the United States' H1B visa quota restrictions, this is likely to change.

So what benefits can prospective recipients of a Blue Card expect? Aside from being covered by a common set of standards across the EU, Blue Card holders would be able to live, work, and travel in the EU without additional restrictions; they could have their families join them within six months; and they would be treated in the same way as EU nationals in terms of tax benefits and many social-security benefits. After five years, card holders would automatically become eligible for permanent residency where they are working. In order to qualify for the card, applicants will need to have an EU job contract lasting at least a year that guarantees a salary of at least three times the minimum wage (or twice for applications under 30), plus health insurance—quite typical demands for working visas around the world.

It seems like a win-win situation for prospective skilled migrants and their European host countries. Nonetheless, I'll bet the Blue Card scheme won't have an easy passage once trade unions and immigration opponents in Europe inevitably start to voice their complaints.

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Forget "Deadliest Catch," the Discovery Channel show about the peril of being an Alaskan king crab fisherman. The most dangerous job in the world has to be mining coal in China. Last year alone, 4,746 miners were killed in China, according to state figures.

Stop and think about that for a second. That's about 1,100 more deaths than the U.S. military has incurred in five years of fighting in Iraq.

Which is why China is ecstatic over yesterday's rescue of 69 miners from a flooded coal shaft in Henan Province. The shaft, part of a 50 year-old state-owned mine, collapsed Tuesday afternoon when a torrent of more than 1 million gallons of water rushed into the mine after a rainstorm. The government said 102 miners were working at the time of the flood. Thirty-three escaped. The remaining trapped miners were kept alive thanks to hundreds of rescuers, who poured 145 gallons of milk down a 2,600-foot ventilation shaft over the course of three days while crews pumped out the mine and cleared tons of mud. 

It was a death-defying escape from the jaws of "development at any cost"—and a fate denied to far too many.

UPDATE: A reader writes in, "What on earth are you doing comparing gross number of deaths of Chinese miners to the number of Americans killed in Iraq? At least give us the denominator on the Chinese miners, otherwise the comparison is meaningless."

Just so there's no misunderstanding: I wasn't dissing American servicemen and women. Nor was I comparing apples to apples or trying to make a point that a coal shaft in Shanxian is more dangerous than a pillbox in Baghdad. Neither sounds like much fun to me.

So let's set the record straight. There are about 7 million miners in China. Our in house statistician tells me that, based on back-of-the-napkin calculations, you're about 8 times more likely to die as a U.S. soldier in Iraq than as a coal miner in China. I still don't want to sign up.

JEFF HAYNES/AFP/Getty Images

I'd heard of online services through which it's possible to rent protesters for a couple of hours. But never had I heard of a union outsourcing its picket line until I read today's Washington Post:

Although their placards identify the picketers as being with the Mid-Atlantic Regional Council of Carpenters, they are not union members.

They're hired feet, or, as the union calls them, temporary workers, paid $8 an hour to picket. Many were recruited from homeless shelters or transitional houses. Several have recently been released from prison. Others are between jobs. [...]

Carpenters locals across the country are outsourcing their picket lines, hiring the homeless, students, retirees and day laborers to get their message across.

With bone-headed tactics like these, it's no wonder American unions are in decline. So what's next? Are the "temporary workers" going to somehow offshore their jobs to India so they can pocket the lion's share of the eight bucks?

I'm a regular reader of the Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times. They're great newspapers, but I've noticed that both are in the habit of reporting "labor shortages" exclusively from the perspective of employers. That's understandable, given that the WSJ and the FT are aimed at the wealthy business crowd.

But a "labor shortage," as in the case of the Bollywood actors, is often just a case of businesses complaining that they have to pay better wages to attract talent. So when you read these horror stories about a shortage of IT workers or what have you, remember that salaries are responsive to market forces as well. When people aren't willing to supply labor at a given wage, you get a shortage, just as when the price of oil is too low, oil companies aren't willing to invest in new refineries.

I have nothing against the wealthy; I'd love to join them someday. But given how middle class income growth has stagnated in the United States in recent years as wealthy investors have prospered, I don't think we should cry in sympathy when companies complain about labor shortages. Rising wages are what economic growth is ultimately supposed to be about.

SEAN GALLUP/Getty Images News

European newspaper columnists often lament that Europe's best and brightest are leaving for greener pastures. But brain drain is only part of the problem with European labor. Europe is also undervaluing the brain power of half of those who stay behind.

A recent report by the European Commission (pdf) finds that women are still earning an average of 15 percent less than their male counterparts. The gender pay gap has shrunk by only 2 percent over the last decade or so, and there's no evidence that it's narrowing.

And here's the most baffling detail: It's better-educated women who are being underpaid the most. Statistics show that women with higher degrees earn 30 percent less than their male counterparts, whereas for jobs with fewer qualifications the gap is only 13 percent. Maybe they should start teaching Bargaining 101 in European universities.

India faces a skills crunch in its IT and engineering sectors, Passport noted earlier this year, and it's hurting India's global competitiveness. But now India must confront an even more ominous shortage: a lack of quality Bollywood actors.

Leon Neal/AFP/Getty Images

Anyone who has seen some of the dreck Bollywood churns out will probably laugh and say, "Tell me something I don't know." But there's a new phenomenon going on here. As money pours into the film industry, Bollywood is suffering from a "talent crunch," the Financial Times reports, and it's particularly hard to find good male actors. Because production companies are finding it easier to secure financing from abroad, it's getting tougher for them to tap quality local talent for a reasonable price. As a result, Bollywood's A-list celebrities are cashing in, demanding double or triple the fees they would have earned just a few years ago. It doesn't help that Hollywood—with its extravagant fees by Indian standards—is starting to take an interest in Bollywood stars, beginning with former Miss World Aishwarya Rai.

So why is it so difficult for Bollywood to find new talent? Audiences are heavily biased towards existing stars, so it's risky for filmmakers to opt for an unknown face. As Sameer Nair, the head of a new entertainment channel being developed by India's leading broadcaster, puts it,

If your definition of a blockbuster requires these superstars to be present and that's in your business plan then you have a general scarcity problem."

Perhaps, then, Bollywood should look outside India for emerging talent. Consider Kashif (Pakistani by background), who made it into the top 20 of America's Got Talent by dancing his, um, distinctive Bollywood moves... .

I want this on my business card:

From the ad on page 87 of the July 7th issue of the Economist:

LOUISA GOULIAMAKI/AFP/Getty Images

Every summer, we're treated to the same news story: It seems Europeans get weeks and weeks of vacation and Americans don't get any at all. Shocker of the century, right? My guess is the thinking goes: Slow news day, so let's send that "Americans are overworked" story over the wires.

But does all that time off make Europeans any less productive? The answer is a surprising no. Several European countries—Norway, Ireland, and even France—post higher productivity levels than does the United States. Check out FP's recent article, The Influential Tourist, for more on that.

And in our latest issue, Clive Crook explains in Think Again: Europe that even when America does beat European countries in the productivity rankings, "[t]he United States’ much higher output per person is due mostly to more hours on the job, not to superior productivity while working." Is it worth it?

FREDERICK FLORIN/AFP

A popular saying within the EU depicts politicians as having "the punctuality of the Italians, the flexibility of the Germans, and the humility of the French"—to which they now might want to add the marketing talents of, say, the Bulgarians.

Exhibit A: The European Commission is pushing something called "flexicurity" (pdf) as a way to sell its labor market reform plan to the EU Council and Parliament. As the Commission explains:

Flexicurity can be defined as an integrated strategy to enhance, at the same time, flexibility and security in the labor market.

The Commission's awkward marketing strategy reflects past failed attempts to shake-up Europe's labor markets. As the turmoil that torpedoed the career of Dominique De Villepin demonstrates, Europeans simply don't like reforms that cut into their cherished safety net in the name of greater labor market flexibility, no matter how clever the portmanteau used to describe them.

And yet, with unemployment rates hovering around 8 to 9 percent, Europe badly needs a shakeup, and the Commission's reform would do just that. And from the standpoint of textbook economics—where the U.S. labor market is the ideal type of flexibility and Europe a paradise of security—"flexicurity" isn't a bad name at all. It envisions more flexibility than in the current European labor markets, and more security than in the current U.S. system. But in the eyes of a European citizen, it just means increasing flexibility and cutting on security. And so, "flexicurity" is likely to be ridiculed as a blatant attempt to sweeten a bitter pill for Europeans to swallow.

Here's why I think former British PM Tony Blair is making a big mistake in taking the job of Middle East envoy—a job that is apparently limited in scope to "shoring up Palestinian institutions" and not actually negotiating any deals.

Alvaro de Soto, who was the United Nations' representative to the Middle East until he stepped down in May of this year, penned a damning report on the Quartet's failure in the peace process between the Israelis and Palestinians. It leaked to the Guardian, which promptly published the entire report on its website. De Soto is a professional diplomat who did a lot of good in advancing the Cyprus peace process, so we should take him seriously.

The report is filled with juicy details on why Blair's predecessor, James Wolfensohn, couldn't get anywhere. It does credit Wolfensohn with getting across "the notion first put forward by the World Bank that the Israeli closure system was the determining factor in the decline of the Palestinian economy." But as de Soto notes, "Israel has completely shut off Palestinian workers from going to Israel at all - Palestinians who used to work in numbers over 100,000 in Israel have been reduced to zero."

And so it's clear that Blair will have to address this key factor in the Palestinians' economic catastrophe if he is going to get anywhere ... which will entail negotiating with the Israelis. Unless Condi Rice can deliver on this, Blair's efforts will be useless—and that's why he'll eventually quit in frustration. I'd love to be proven wrong.

Earlier this month, Passport noted that Eastern European countries are facing a labor crunch that threatens to impede their rapid economic expansion. Companies in Poland, for instance, have been forced to look outside the country for skilled workers—even though Poland's unemployment rate is 13 percent. And so, hosting the 2012 European football championships, a multi-billion dollar soccer event, is proving to be more of a burden than a blessing as the country struggles to find enough construction workers.

Well, Poland may just have found a solution: importing labor from India. Poland already hosts around 3,000 Indian workers, but could welcome hundreds of thousands more as a result of a recent agreement between the two countries to make Poland the "next hot destination for Indians."

It's a supply that's much needed. Between 800,000 and 2 million Poles have left the country since it joined the European Union three years ago. India, for its part, will no doubt benefit as well through remittances sent back from workers in Poland, especially as demand for workers from countries in the Middle East starts to dry up. And as India's IT competitiveness declines slightly, it can still take advantage of its main competitive advantage: abundant labor.

PHILIPPE LOPEZ/AFP

As it gears up for the 2008 Olympics, China is quickly falling into last place in one category that won't be on the schedule in Beijing: labor rights.

Just in time for World Day Against Child Labor, PlayFair 2008, a campaign sponsored by trade unions and labor rights organizations, issued a scathing report (pdf) Monday on China's rampant child labor violations and sweatshop conditions.

Through a series of interviews and undercover investigations of four factories licensed to make official Olympic merchandise, PlayFair discovered working children as young as twelve, adult workers earning half the Chinese minimum wage, and workers being instructed to lie about wages and conditions to outside inspectors.

The report's release coincides nicely with International Olympics Committee meetings in London regarding the 2012 games. As Maggie Burns, chair of one of the labor groups backing PlayFair, told the Financial Times:

The London Olympics has just spent £400,000 [€590,000/$788,000] on a logo. There is no reason why organisers cannot ensure a “sweat-free” games if they act now.

One can only hope that these efforts to fight worker exploitation will be a bit more successful than the design of the 2012 logo.

Toru Yamanaka/AFP/Getty Images

It's widely known that Japan is facing a significant demographic transition as its population continues to age while its birth rate remains well below population replacement levels. In fact, a United Nations population model predicts (pdf) that in 2050, Japan's population will have declined to 104.9 million (currently 127.4 million) and that people aged between 15 and 64 will constitute only around half the population. The same model also projects that if Japan allows more immigrants into the country, it will be able to both address its impending labor shortage and stabilize its population. Singapore, which faces similar demographic pressures, has announced plans to do just that. But not Japan—it's opting for another "solution": Putting the elderly to work.

In a white paper released on Friday, the Japanese government urges Japan's elderly people to remain in the workforce, arguing that old people need not be a "burden" on society. The idea does have merit: The life expectancy in Japan 78 and 85 for men and women respectively, and many post-60s enjoy their jobs and would prefer to keep working. Plus, within fifty years, it's likely that there will be just one younger worker to support each pensioner, a ratio that would be become more favorable if people worked longer. But it still seems like a shallow, incomplete solution to a deeper problem that could effectively be addressed by allowing more immigration—a way of avoiding Japan's deeply entrenched xenophobia toward foreigners.

For instance, in 2005, then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi hinted at this inherent prejudice, stating,

If [the foreign labor] exceeds a certain level, it is bound to cause a clash. It is necessary to consider measures to prevent it and then admit foreign workers as necessary."

Even further back, during the economic boom of the 1990s, Japan addressed its labor shortages by pushing for automation instead of immigration. This may have provided a short-term band aid at the time, but clearly it's failed to address Japan's larger demographic and labor problems. Barring a major breakthrough in robotics, it's likely that the elderly work initiatives will suffer the same shortfalls. With less than 2 percent of its population composed of immigrants, Japan can surely afford to open its borders just a little. After all, if it doesn't, the people most likely to suffer the consequences are the Japanese themselves.